Americans are an optimistic sort. Take this new study from Bank of The West, which found that 85 percent of millennials are confident they’ll achieve the American Dream — of which owning a home is a big piece.

Yet, more than half of those surveyed don’t have a plan to actually get there, and once they start on the path, they’re often shocked at how much it costs. Sure, some costs associated with home-ownership are predictable, like your mortgage payment.

But many of the ancillary costs of home-ownership take homeowners by surprise, including property taxes, insurance, utility bills, and more. U.S. homeowners can spend more than $9,000 per year on these hidden home-ownership and maintenance costs, according to a report by Zillow and Thumbtack.

You don’t want to fall in love with a home only to find out that the cost of living there will have you over-extended. Here’s a guide to the line items you should be considering, so you’re not shocked when the bills start arriving.

Closing Costs 

As you close on your mortgage, get ready for a laundry list of costs: Mortgage taxes, lender application fees, attorney’s fees, title insurance (the insurance policy for the deed), recording fees (paid to the county clerk’s office to record the deed), and any potential real estate tax reimbursements if the seller has paid them upfront. All in, you’re usually looking at an average of 2 to 5 percent of the total cost of the home, says Rebecca Mason, executive vice president and head of sales at OneTitle.

Home Maintenance

In general, you should plan on paying 1 to 2 percent of the value of your home every year in maintenance and upkeep, according to the Harvard University Joint Center on Housing Studies.

But that number varies, and Jeremy Wacksman, chief marketing officer at Zillow, notes that upkeep on condominiums or attached townhomes tends to be lower than single-family homes on their own land.

Some of the most common maintenance requests from Zillow and Thumbtack’s study were house cleaning, yard care, gutter cleaning and pressure washing. Prices do vary widely based on location. Your agent and home inspector can help you estimate what routine jobs will cost in your neighborhood and area, especially when it comes to first-year costs. Sites like Angie’s List and Thumbtack can also help with estimates.

Property Taxes 

Property taxes don’t just vary by state, and they’re not stagnant — they also increase or decrease based on city, ordinance, and even specific house. The Tax Foundation has a property tax data lookup tool by county you can use when planning expenses. If you believe your property taxes are higher than they should be compared with other homes in your area, you can hire a lawyer to help grieve your taxes (usually for a percentage of the money that person saves you). You can also do it yourself and save the fees.

Utilities

Utility costs can be as high a number as property taxes, says Wacksman — running a couple hundred dollars or more.

Estimates change with climate, ranging annually from $2,616 (in Atlanta, GA, for example) to $3,480 (Portland, OR). The national average is $2,964. But to get a clear sense of what to budget, ask a friend with a home in the neighborhood you’re considering to give you a peek at his or her monthly bills, making sure to adjust for the size of their home versus yours. This can also be eye-opening when it comes to lawn care, water bills, and even the local price of groceries.

Homeowners Insurance 

If you’re getting a mortgage, you’ll be required to have homeowners insurance. And even if you pay cash for your home, you should have it anyway. You’re best off buying a replacement cost policy which will cover the cost of replacing the items that get stolen or damaged in a fire, rather than one that gives you the depreciated value of the items lost.